Romans 15:10 → Deuteronomy 32:43

Paul follows LXX which adds "with" (not in MT: "Rejoice, nations, his people"). Song of Moses context: God judges nations used to punish Israel, then calls nations to rejoice WITH Israel at their vindication. Risen Christ speaks this invitation to Gentiles - judgment is past, salvation present. Beale/Carson provide detailed textual analysis: "The text of the MT is rather difficult. As it stands, it reads, 'Rejoice, nations, his people.' Textual difficulties must have arisen rather early, since a Qumran fragment of Deuteronomy here reads, 'Praise, heavens, his people' (1QDeuteronomy). Targum Onqelos likewise shifts to 'Praise, Gentiles, his people.' The LXX plausibly presupposes a haplography, by which ʿim ('with') has been omitted, and supplies it to the text." This textual-critical discussion demonstrates that Paul's use of the LXX reading stands within a broader interpretive tradition attested in both Qumran and Targumic sources. The variants show early Jewish interpreters wrestling with the same text, with Targum Onqelos actually supporting the call to Gentiles to praise. This strengthens Paul's argument that Gentile inclusion in worship was anticipated in Scripture and recognized in Jewish interpretive traditions.