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An Intertextuality Pair — one connection between two passages, shown as linked verse cards: the Later text and the Earlier text it quotes, alludes to or echoes. The Significance essay explains why the link matters and where it points in Christ.

Reference Type— how explicit the link is: Quotation, Allusion, or Echo
Connection Method(s)— how it carries meaning: e.g. Typology, Promise-Fulfillment, Analogy, Longitudinal Theme
Found via— where the connection was identified, e.g. the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge or an Anchor-Text Network

Graph View — tap the constellation icon in the top bar to see this page's connections as a web of light: gold points are passages, and the coloured threads are the connection types. Click any type in the graph's own legend to filter it in or out, and use the expand control for the full-screen night sky.

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Intertextuality Pair

Revelation 18:2 → Isaiah 13:21

Allusion

Later text

Revelation 18:2BSB

And he cried out in a mighty voice: “Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great! She has become a lair for demons and a haunt for every unclean spirit, every unclean bird, and every detestable beast.

Earlier text

Isaiah 13:21BSB

But desert creatures will lie down there, and howling creatures will fill her houses. Ostriches will dwell there, and wild goats will leap about.

Significance

Isaiah 13:21 describes the predicted desolation of Babylon: "desert creatures will lie down there, and howling creatures will fill her houses. Ostriches will dwell there, and wild goats will leap about." The Hebrew terms (siyyim, ochim, se'irim) have demonic overtones — se'irim can mean "hairy ones" or "demons." Revelation 18:2 echoes this language: "She has become a lair for demons and a haunt for every unclean spirit, every unclean bird, and every detestable beast." John interprets Isaiah's prediction through its demonic connotations, making explicit what was implicit in the Hebrew. The allusion demonstrates that the fall of eschatological Babylon fulfills the pattern established in Isaiah's oracle against historical Babylon — the proud city becomes a demon-haunted wasteland.

Found via: Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Reference Type: Allusion
Connection Method(s): Promise-Fulfillment + Analogy

Linked Mentions 1

Trajectory Tables 1

Nimrod (The First Empire Builder) Trajectory Table