How to read this page

An Intertextuality Pair — one connection between two passages, shown as linked verse cards: the Later text and the Earlier text it quotes, alludes to or echoes. The Significance essay explains why the link matters and where it points in Christ.

Reference Type— how explicit the link is: Quotation, Allusion, or Echo
Connection Method(s)— how it carries meaning: e.g. Typology, Promise-Fulfillment, Analogy, Longitudinal Theme
Found via— where the connection was identified, e.g. the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge or an Anchor-Text Network

Graph View — tap the constellation icon in the top bar to see this page's connections as a web of light: gold points are passages, and the coloured threads are the connection types. Click any type in the graph's own legend to filter it in or out, and use the expand control for the full-screen night sky.

New to a term? The Glossary explains every abbreviation and term on the site in plain words.

Intertextuality Pair

Joshua 11:20 → Exodus 4:21

Allusion

Later text

Joshua 11:20BSB

For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts to engage Israel in battle, so that they would be set apart for destruction and would receive no mercy, being annihilated as the LORD had commanded Moses.

Earlier text

Exodus 4:21BSB

The LORD instructed Moses, "When you go back to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders that I have put within your power. But I will harden his heart so that he will not let the people go.

Significance

Joshua 11:20 uses the verb חִזֵּק (chizzeq, "hardened/strengthened") for God's hardening of the Canaanites' hearts, directly echoing Exodus 4:21 where God announces He will harden (חִזֵּק) Pharaoh's heart. Both texts present divine hardening as the means by which God ensures His purposes of judgment are carried out against hostile nations. The analogical pattern is precise: just as Pharaoh's hardened heart led to his destruction at the Red Sea, so the Canaanites' hardened hearts led to their destruction in the conquest. In both cases, the hardening serves to remove the possibility of compromise, ensuring that God's judgment is total and His deliverance of Israel is complete.

Found via: Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Reference Type: Allusion
Connection Method(s): Analogy

Linked Mentions 1

Trajectory Tables 1

Conquest of Canaan Trajectory Table