How to read this page

An Intertextuality Pair — one connection between two passages, shown as linked verse cards: the Later text and the Earlier text it quotes, alludes to or echoes. The Significance essay explains why the link matters and where it points in Christ.

Reference Type— how explicit the link is: Quotation, Allusion, or Echo
Connection Method(s)— how it carries meaning: e.g. Typology, Promise-Fulfillment, Analogy, Longitudinal Theme
Found via— where the connection was identified, e.g. the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge or an Anchor-Text Network

Graph View — tap the constellation icon in the top bar to see this page's connections as a web of light: gold points are passages, and the coloured threads are the connection types. Click any type in the graph's own legend to filter it in or out, and use the expand control for the full-screen night sky.

New to a term? The Glossary explains every abbreviation and term on the site in plain words.

Intertextuality Pair

Amos 1:3 → 2 Samuel 8:1

Echo

Later text

Amos 1:3BSB

This is what the LORD says: "For three transgressions of Damascus, even four, I will not revoke My judgment, because they threshed Gilead with sledges of iron.

Earlier text

2 Samuel 8:1BSB

Some time later, David defeated the Philistines, subdued them, and took Metheg-ammah from the hand of the Philistines.

Significance

Amos 1:3 pronounces judgment on Damascus "because they threshed Gilead with sledges of iron," while 2 Samuel 8:1 records David's subjugation of Israel's surrounding enemies, including the Arameans. The echo connects Amos's prophetic indictment of Damascus to the historical memory of David's imperial dominance over these same peoples. What David once subdued militarily, Amos now places under Yahweh's direct judicial sentence, suggesting that the nations' crimes against Israel's territory (Gilead) will be answered not by a human king but by the divine Judge Himself.

Found via: Albert Barnes, Notes on the Bible (1834)
Reference Type: Echo
Connection Method(s): Analogy — as the nations around Israel, the Arameans of Damascus among them, once fell under David's God-given dominion (2 Sam 8), so Amos summons Damascus before Yahweh's own tribunal for threshing Gilead: the justice a Davidic king once enforced by the sword now proceeds directly from the divine Judge.